Reported Dietary Intake and Food Sources of Zinc, Selenium, and Vitamins A, E and C in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

Zinc, selenium, and the vitamins A, E and C, all have specific biological functions that are involved mainly in the antioxidant defence system, which has important implications for the development of chronic diseases. We aimed to assess the reported intake of those six nutrients, as well as the food that contributes to their sources of intakes. Data were obtained from the Spanish ANIBES ("Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain") study, n = 2009 (9-75 years old). The analyses were performed in the whole population and in the plausible energy reporters after a misreporting analysis according to the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) protocol. A validated, photo-based three-day food record was used to collect the data. Mean (max-min) reported intake for the whole population of zinc was 8.1 +/- 0.1 mg/day, (2.3-27.3 mg/day), selenium 75 +/- 1 mu g/day, (14-265 mu g/day), vitamin A 668 mu g RE/day (2-11,017 mu g RE/day), retinol 364 +/- 18 mu g/day (0-10,881 mu g/day), carotenes 1735 +/- 35 mu g/day (13-13,962 mu g/day), vitamin E 7.0 +/- 0.1 mg alpha-TE/day (0.7-55.2 mg alpha-TE/day) and vitamin C 84.4 +/- 1.4 mg/day (5.0-802.7 mg/day). The main source intakes for zinc were meat and meat products, for selenium cereals and grains, for vitamin E oils and fat, and for vitamin A and C vegetables. There is an elevated percentage of the Spanish ANIBES population not meeting the EFSA recommended intakes for all analysed micronutrients: zinc (83%), vitamin A (60%), vitamin E (80%), vitamin C (36%) and selenium (25%).