Periodontitis and mechanisms of cardiometabolic risk: Novel insights and future perspectives

Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues caused by the accumulation of subgingival plaque and the action of specific periodontopathogenic bacteria. Periodontitis has been associated with cardiovascular diseases and considered a cardiovascular risk factor. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this association, such as the infection of atherosclerotic plaques by periodontal pathogens, the pro-atherogenic effect on the lipid profile, the systemic dissemination of pro-inflammatory mediators or the contribution to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Periodontal treatment has also been related to improvement in cardiometabolic risk variables, and oral hygiene techniques may be useful in reducing cardiometabolic risk. The aim of this review is to provide new and recent insights on the relationship between periodontitis and cardiometabolic risk, focusing on recent evidence. Comments on shared potential therapeutic targets, such as the role of glucagon-like peptide 1, are also highlighted.